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You may wish to have a little more control with your output than print provides. In fact, you may be accustomed to the formatted output of C's printf function. Fear not -- Perl provides a comparable operation with the same name.
The printf operator takes a format string followed by a list of things to print. The format[158] string is a fill-in-the-blanks template showing the desired form of the output:
[158]Here, we're using "format" in the generic sense. Perl has a report-generating feature called "formats" that we won't even be mentioning (except in this footnote) until Appendix B, "Beyond the Llama", and then only to say that we really aren't going to talk about them. So, you're on your own there. Just wanted to keep you from getting lost.
printf "Hello, %s; your password expires in %d days!\n", $user, $days_to_die;
The format string holds a number of so-called conversions ; each conversion begins with a percent sign (%) and ends with a letter. (As we'll see in a moment, there may be significant extra characters between these two symbols.) There should be the same number of items in the following list as there are conversions; if these don't match up, it won't work correctly. In the example above, there are two items and two conversions, so the output might look something like this:
Hello, merlyn; your password expires in 3 days!
There are many possible printf conversions, so we'll take time here to describe just the most common ones. Of course, the full details are available in the perlfunc manpage.
To print a number in what's generally a good way, use %g ,[159] which automatically chooses floating-point, integer, or even exponential notation as needed:
[159]"General" numeric conversion. Or maybe a "Good conversion for this number" or "Guess what I want the output to look like."
printf "%g %g %g\n", 5/2, 51/17, 51 ** 17; # 2.5 3 1.0683e+29
The %d format means a decimal[160] integer, truncated as needed:
[160]There's also %x for hexadecimal and %o for octal, if you need those. But we really say "decimal" here as a memory aid: %d for Decimal integer.
printf "in %d days!\n", 17.85; # in 17 days!
Note that this is truncated, not rounded; we'll see how to round off a number in a moment.
In Perl, printf is most often used for columnar data, since most formats accept a field width. If the data won't fit, the field will generally be expanded as needed:
printf "%6d\n", 42; # output like ‘‘‘‘42 (the ‘ symbol stands for a space) printf "%2d\n", 2e3 + 1.95; # 2001
The %s conversion means a string, so it effectively interpolates the given value as a string, but with a given field width:
printf "%10s\n", "wilma"; # looks like ‘‘‘‘‘wilma
A negative field width is left-justified (in any of these conversions):
printf "%-15s\n", "flintstone"; # looks like flintstone ‘‘‘‘‘
The %f conversion (floating-point) rounds off its output as needed, and even lets you request a certain number of digits after the decimal point:
printf "%12f\n", 6 * 7 + 2/3; # looks like ‘‘‘42.666667 printf "%12.3f\n", 6 * 7 + 2/3; # looks like ‘‘‘‘‘‘42.667 printf "%12.0f\n", 6 * 7 + 2/3; # looks like ‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘43
To print a real percent sign, use %%, which is special in that it uses no element from the list:[161]
[161]Maybe you thought you could simply put a backslash in front of the percent sign. Nice try, but no. The reason that won't work is that the format is an expression, and the expression "\%" means the one-character string '%'. Even if we got a backslash into the format string, printf wouldn't know what to do with it. Besides, C programmers are used to printf working like this.
printf "Monthly interest rate: %.2f%%\n", 5.25/12; # the value looks like "0.44%"
Generally, you won't use an array as an argument to printf. That's because an array may hold any number of items, and a given format string will work with only a certain fixed number of items: if there are three conversions in the format, there must be exactly three items.
But there's no reason you can't whip up a format string on the fly, since it may be any expression. This can be tricky to get right, though, so it may be handy (especially when debugging) to store the format into a variable:
my @items = qw( wilma dino pebbles );
my $format = "The items are:\n" . ("%10s\n" x @items);
## print "the format is <<$format>>\n"; # for debugging
printf $format, @items;This uses the x operator (which we learned about in Chapter 2, "Scalar Data") to replicate the given string a number of times given by @items (which is being used in a scalar context). In this case, that's 3, since there are three items, so the resulting format string is the same as if we had written it as "The items are:\n%10s\n%10s\n%10s\n." And the output prints each item on its own line, right-justified in a ten-character column, under a heading line. Pretty cool, huh? But not cool enough, because you can even combine these:
printf "The items are:\n".("%10s\n" x @items), @items;Note that here we have @items being used once in a scalar context, to get its length, and once in a list context, to get its contents. Context is important.
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| 6.4. Output to Standard Output |  | 6.6. Exercises |
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